]]>
Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Schroll M, Olesen J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population — a prevalence study. J Clin Epidemtol 1991; 44: 1147-57.

Rasmussen BK. Epidemiology of headache. Cephalalgia 1995; 15: 45-68.

Rasmussen BK. Epidemiology of Headache. Ce phalalgia 2001; 21: 774-77.

Lampl C, Buzath A, Baumhackl U, Klingler D. Oneyear prevalence of migraine in Austria: a nationwide survey. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 280-6.

Couturier EGM, Bomhof MAM, Neven AK, van Duijn NP. Menstrual migraine in a representative Dutch population sample: prevalence, disability and treatment. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 302-8.

Dahltif C,Linde M. One-year prevalence of migraine in Sweden: a population-based study in adults. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 664-71.

8. Rasmussen B, Jensen R and Olesen J. A population based analysis of the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia 1991; 11: 129.

Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Simon D et alt. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. JAMA 1998; 279: 381-3.

Lavados P and Tenhamm E. Epidemiology of tension-type headache in Santiago, Chile a prevalence study. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 552-8.

Scher AL, Stewart WF, Liberman J, Lipton RB. Prevalence of frequent headache in a population sample. Headache 1998; 38: 497-506.

McHorney C, Ware J, Raczek A.E. The MOS 36- item short form health survey (SF-36): II. Psycho­metric and clinical test of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med. Care 1993; 31: 247-63.

Hu X, Markson L, Lipton RB et al. Disability and economic costs of migraine in tha United States: A population based approach. Arch. Inter. Med. 1999; 159: 813-8.]]> Descripción. Se presentan 2 casos de sexo femenino, 47 y 40 años, con una mielopatía cervical progresiva, causada por una hernia dura y blanda a nivel C5-6 respectivamente, diagnosticada con IRM. Se efectuó una discectomía anterior con autoinjerto tricortical. Evolucionaron favorablemente de su mielopatía, persistiendo dolores cervicales moderados en el segundo caso.
Intervención. Los controles postoperatorios con IRM mostraron en los distintos cortes, imágenes de intensidad mixta, contornos irregulares y bordes difusos, que simulaban patología residual. La radiografia simple (Rx) y la tomografia axial computada (TAC) postoperatorias fueron normales. Lafalta de coincidencia clínica-IRM e IRM-Rx-TAC hizo suponer que dichas imágenes eran artefactos, probablemente metálicos.
Conclusión: Las imágenes postoperatorias de intensidad mixta que ocupan el canal a nivel del disco operado pueden ser artefactos; la Rx y TAC suelen aclarar el diagnóstico. ]]>
Salazar JL, Misra MM, Bloom D, Dobben G. MRI artifacts following anterior cervical diskectomy. Surg Neurol 1997; 48: 23-9.

Arunkumar MJ, Rajshenkhar V. Artifacts in magnetic resonance images following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: report of two cases. British J Neurosurg 1998; 12: 553-5.

Ruggieri PM. A practical approach to magnetic resonance physics in spinal imaging. En: Modic MT, Masaryk TJ & Ross JS, editors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994. pp.1-36.

Toro VE, Goodrich A, Lundy DW, Meeks L, Figueroa RE, Binet EF. MR artifacts after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusión: a cadaver study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993; 17: 696-9.

Tartaglino LM, Flanders AE, Vinitski S, Friedman DP. Metallic artifacts on MR images of the postoperative spine: reduction with fast spin-echo techniques. Radiology 1994; 190: 565-9.]]> Descripción. Paciente de sexo femenino, cuadro progresivo de compresión medular dorsal, con antecedentes de neurocisticercosis. Las neuroirnágenes mostraron una lesión intradural-extramedular D5-D6.
Intervención. Se abordó quirúrgicamente en posición lateral, verificándose aracnoiditis reaccional y quiste de cisticerco que fue resecado, completándose el tratamiento con Albendazol oral, con regresión de la paraparesia severa preoperatoria y satisfactorio control imagenológico.
Conclusión. La forma espinal es infrecuente en el curso de la neurocisticercosis. La terapéutica implementada en nuestro caso fue concordante con los pocos casos descriptos en la literatura mundial
]]>
Corral I, Quereda C, Moreno A, López Vélez R, Martínez San Millan J, Guerrero A, et al. Intramedullary cysticercosis; Spine 1996; 21: 2284-7

Robertson H, Watson J. Neurocysticercosis with ceivical meningeal invovement; AJR 1978; 171: 877-88.

Leite C, Jinkins R, Escobar B, Magalhaes A, Gomes G, Dib G, et al. MRI imaging of spinal cysticercosis; AJR 1997; 169: 1713-7.

Corr P, Royston D, Naidoo HT. The role of imaging in diagnosis of unusual spinal infection; Int J Neuroradiol 1999; 5: 200-1.]]> Descripción. Reportamos dos casos de pseudomeningocele crónico secundario a cirugía de columna lumbar diagnosticados por TAC/ RNM. La solución de continuidad dural en un caso fue objetivada por mielototomografia y en el otro por RNM con secuencia de dinámica de flujo de LCR.
Intervención. Ambos casos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con cierre del defecto dural obteniéndose buenos resultados posoperatorios.
Conclusión. La presencia de dolor radicular en el contexto de un pseudomeningocele postquirúrgico es un signo indirecto de atropamiento radicular y herniación de la misma a través del defecto dural y / o aracnoideo lo que debe ser resuelto quirúrgicamente para evitar el déficit neurológico irreversible.]]>
Hadani M, Findler F, Knoler N, Tadmor R, Sahar A, Shacked I: Entrapped nerve root in pseudomeningocele after laminectomy: report of three cases. Neurosuergery 1986; 19: 405-7.

Shapiro SA, Scully T: Closed continuous drainage of CSF via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter for treatment or prevention of cranial/spinal cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Neurosurgery 1992; 30: 241-5

Schumacher HW, Wassman H, Podlinski C: Pseudomeningocele of the lumbar spine. Surg Neurol 1988; 29: 77-8.

O'Connor D, Maskery N, Griffiths G: Pseudomeningocele nerve root entrapment after lumbar discectomy. Spine 1998; 23: 1501-2.

Stambough JL, Templin CR, Collins J: Subarachnoid drainage of an established or chronic pseudomeningocele. J Spinal Disorders 2000; 12: 39-41.]]> Descripción. Se han utilizado neuroendoscopios rígidos Wolf ®, Storz ® o Aesculap ® según los casos. El instrumental auxiliar utilizado ha consistido en pinza de biopsia, tijera, electrodo mono y/o bipolar y catéterbalón tipo Fogarty 3 F. El equipamiento complementario lo constituyen una videocámara de alta resolución, una fuente de luz fría y un monitor de alta definición, de acuerdo a su disponibilidad. Las imágenes han sido registradas por medio de un capturador fotográfico digital y de un videograbador.
Resultados. La técnica neuroendoscópica ha permitido el tratamiento quirúrgico de los quistes aracnoideos supratentoriales de línea media en forma mínimamente invasiva comunicando estas lesiones con las cisternas basales y/o el sistema ventricular. Conclusión. La vecindad de estas lesiones con el sistema ventricular resulta ideal para su fenestración endoscópica y comunicación con las vías de circulación del líquido cefalorraquídeo.]]>
Ciricillo SF, Cogen PH, Harsh GR, Edwards MSB. Intracranial arachnoid cysts in children. A comparison of the effects of fenestration and shunting. J Neurosurg 1991; 74; 230-5

Raffel C, McComb JG. To shunt or to fenestrate: which is the best surgical treatment for arachnoid cysts in pediatric patients ? Neurosurgery 1988; 23: 338-2

Decq P, Brugieres P, Le Guerinel C, Djindjian M, Keravel Y, Nguyen J-P. Percutaneous endoscopic treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts: ventriculocystostomy or ventriculocystocystemostony? J Neurosurg 1996; 84: 696-1

Miyajima M, Arai H, Okuda O, Hishii M, Nakanishi H, Sato K. Possible origin of suprasellar arachnoid cysts: neuroimaging and neurosurgical observations in nine cases. J Neurosurg 2000; 93: 62-7.

Oberbauer RW, Haase L, Pucher R. Arachnoidcysts in children: a European co-operative study. Child's Nerv Syst 1992; 8: 281-6

Choi J-U, Kim D-S. Pathogenesis of arachnoid cysts: congenital or traumatic? Pediatr Neurosurg 1998; 29: 260-6

Pierre-Kahn A, Capelle L, Bruner R, Sainte-Rose C, Renier D, Rappaport R, Hirsch J-F. Presentation and management of suprasellar arachnoid cysts. Review of 20 cases. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 355-9

Buxton N, Vloeberghs M, Punt J. Flexible neuroendoscopic treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts. Br J Neurosurg 1999; 13: 316-8

Choi J-U, Kim D-S, Huh R. Endoscopic approach to arachnoid cyst. Child's Nerv Syst 1999; 15: 285-1

Kirollos RW, Javadpour M, May P, Mallucci C. Endoscopic treatment of suprasellar and third ventricle-related arachnoid cysts. Child's Nerv Syst 2001; 17: 713-8]]> Descripción. Una valva del retractor de Taylor se une al retractor de Yasargil para sostener y separar los músculos paravertebrales.
Conclusión. Esta variante de retractor expone el campo quirúrgico sin dañar las estructuras de la línea media.]]>
Caspar W: A new surgical procedure for lumbar disc herniation causing less tissue damage through a microsurgical approach. Adv Neurosurg 1977; 4: 74-7.

Yasargil MG: Microsurgical operation of the herniated lumbar disc. Adv Neurosurg 1977; 4: 81-91.

Williams RW: Microlumbar discectomy: A conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc. Spine 1978; 3: 175-82.

Bell WO, Lavyne MH: Retractor for lumbar microdiscectomy: Technical note. Neurosurgery 1984; 14: 69-70.

Goald HJ: Microlumbar discectomy: Follow-up of 477 patients. J Microsurg 1980; 2: 95-100.

Wilson DH, Harbaugh R: Microsurgical and standard removal of the protruded lumbar disc: A comparative study. Neurosurgery 1981; 8: 422-27.

Wilson DH, Kenning J: Microsurgical lumbar discectomy: Preliminary report of 83 consecutive cases. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 137-40.

Taylor GM: A simple retractor for spinal surgery. J Bone Joint Surg 1946; 28A: 183-4.]]> Description: Case 1 (male, 24 years old), with headache, vomits, right homonymous hemianopsia and conductal disorder, in the last 2 months. MRI: left parieto-occipital cystic tumor. Case 2: (male, 56 years old) with left brachiocrural palsy, in the past year. CT scan: left parietal cystic tumor. Case 3: (female, 56 years old) with generalized siezure, in the last month. 114 R left parietal cystic tumor. In the three cases, the suspected diagnose was glioma.
Intervention: In the 3 cases a craniotomy was performed, with total (cases 2 and 3) or partial resection of the tumor (case 1). The cysts were intratumoral (case 2) and extratumoral (cases 1 and 3). Pathology informed meningioma. The outcome was favorable, with no complications.
Conclusion: It is very difficult to make a diagnosis of cystic meningioma before surgery procedure and pathological analysis. During surgery they behave as solid. meningiomas. Key words: craniotomy, cystic meningioma, cystic tumor.]]>
El-Filki M., El-Henawy Y, Abdel-Arman N. Cystic Meningioma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996;138: 811-7.

Chen C Th, Zee Ch, Miller A C, Weiss H M, Tang G, Chin L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological correlates of meningioma. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 1015-9.

Suzuki Y., Sugimoto T., Shibuya M., Sugita K., Patel J S. Meningioma: Correlation between MRI characteristics and operative findings including consistency. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 129: 29-46.



]]> Description: mate, 53 years old, with a clinical presentation of dizziness and diplopia. MRI: posterior fossa tumor in the left cerebellar hemisphere, with an extension to the peduncle, brain stem and cerebellopontine angle.
Intervention: a subtotal ressection was performed through a suboccipital craniotomy. Pathology informed GBM. After surgery the patient completed the treatment with radiotherapy (60 Gy). The outcome was favorable.
Conclusion: the preoperative diagnosis of a posterior fossa GBM is difficult because its a extremely rare localization, nevertheless it must be suspected.
Key words: high grade glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, radiotherapy.]]>
Luccarelli G. Glioblastoma multiforme of cerebellum: Description of three cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1980; 53: 107-16.

Russell D, Rubinstein L. Pathology ofTumors of the Central Nervous System. 5th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1989, p. 1012.

Fiveash J, Spencer S. Role of radiation therapy and radiosurgery in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 2003; 9: 222-9.

Lacroix M, Abi-Said D. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 2001; 95: 190-8.

Afra D, Baron B, Bonadonna G. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet 2002; 359:1011-8.]]> Description: A32 year-old mole with decreasing visual acuity, headache and epistaxis. MRI: parasellar lytic lesion extending to nasal cavities. Transnasal biopsy: proltferation of S100 positive cells and eosinophilic granulocytes.
Intervention: Radiation therapy was followed by remission.
Conclusion: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis can present as a unifocal (eosinophilic granuloma) or multifocal disorder. Usually affects children. The skull base is rarely affected. Surgery with or without radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for solitary accessible lesions. Isolated radiotherapy and intralesional steroids are valid options. Systemic disease requires chemotherapy.]]>
Komp D. Langerhans cell (eosinophilic) granulomatosis. En: Bennet JC, Plum F, editores. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 20th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996. p. 955-6.

Sampson JH, Rossitch E Jr, Young JN, Lane KN, Friedman AH. Solitary eosinophilic granuloma invading the clivus of an adult: case report. Neurosurgery 1992; 31:755-7.

Brisman JL, Feldstein NA, Tarbell NJ, Cohen D, Cargan AL, Haddad J Jr et al. Eosinophilic granuloma of the clivus: case report, follow up of two previously reported cases, and review of the literature on cranial base eosinophilic granuloma. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 273-8.

Lederman CR, Lederman ME. Unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytocis in the clivus of a child with abducens palsy and diplopia. J AAPOS 1998; 2: 378-9.

Wirtschafter JD, Nesbit M, Anderson P, McClain K. Intralesional methylprednisolone for Langerhans' cell histiocitosis of the orbit and cranium. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987; 24: 194-7.]]> Description: We report a case of a 47 year old patient with headache and Horner syndrome. The digital angiography (DA) showed a SCD. That was followed by a pseudoaneurysm. A 46 year old patient presented with a right amaurosis fugax and left hemiparesis. A SCD was diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography. It presented with a pseudoaneurysm.
Intervention: Both pseudoaneurysm were treated with stents.
Conclusion: DA is the method of choicefor the diagnosis and evolutive dynamic control of SCD. Stents are useful pseudoaneurysm resolution.]]>
Biller J, Hingtgen WL, Adams HP, Smocker WR, Godersky JC, Toffol GJ. Cervicocephalic arterial dissections: A ten-year experience. Arch Neurol 1986; 43:1234-8.

Friedman WA, Day AL, Quisling RG, Sypert GW, Rhoton AL Jr. Cervical carotid dissecting Aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1980; 7: 207-214.

Kremer C, Mosso M, Georgiadis D, Stockli E, Benninger D, Arnold M et al: Carotid dissection whit permanent and transient occlusion or severe stenosis: Long-term outcome. Neurology 2003; 60: 271-275.

Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, Malek AM, Lempert TE, Dowd CF et al: Endovascular management of extracranial carotid artery dissection achieved using stent angioplasty. AJNR 2000; 21: 1280-92.

Pozzati E, Gaist G, Poppi M: Resolution of occlusion in spontaneously dissected carotid arteries: Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 857-60.]]> Description: We present 2 cases with vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms. The first patient liad spontaneous occlusion of the lesion, the second showed a persistent fusiform dilatation of the artery.
Intervention: Early treatment is recommended. The patient who showed spentaneous cure of the dissection was followed with angiography. The second case was occluded with coil.
Conclusion: The endovascular occlusion of these lesion is an efflcacious and safer procedure than surgical clipping.
]]>
Cecinano AR, Lemme-Plaghos LA, Garbugino SL, Schónholz CJ, Mendaro EE: Pseudoaneurismas por disección de la arteria vertebral intradural: tratamiento endovascular. Rey Argent Neuroc 1995; 9: 102-6.

Kitanaka C, Tanaki JL, Kuwahara M, Teraoka A, Sasaki T, Takakura K: Nonsurgical treatment of unruptured intracranial vertebral artery dissection with serial follow-up angiography. J Neurosurg1994; 80: 667-74.

Lylyk P, Ceratto R, Cohen JE Ferrario A, Miranda C: Combined endovascular treatment of dissecting vertebral artery aneurysms by using stents and coils. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 427-32.

Pozzati E, Padovani R, Fabrizi A, Sabattini L, Gaist G: Benign arterial dissections of the posterior circulation. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: 69-72.

Yonas H, Agamanolis D, Takaoka Y, White RJ: Dissecting intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 1977; 8: 407-15.]]> Method. 176 patients with subacute or chronic subdural hematomas were operated between June 1998 and May 2003. Hospital records were used to ascertain data. We did a comparative analysis of the different types of surgical procedures performed.
Results. The surgical procedure commonly performed was a burrhole craniostomy with subdural closed-system drainage (66%). This procedure was associated with a low rate of complications and reoperations, in comparison with the burr hole craniostomy or the craniostomy without subdural closed-system drainge. Global recurrence rate was 13% and 20.4% of the cases required reoperation. Clinical improvement rate was 72.3%.
Conclusion. In our cases, burr hole craniostomy with closed-system drainge was the method of choice for the initial treatment in subacute and chronic subdural hematomas. Craniotomy should be reserved for those cases of recurrence or residual hematoma. Key words: chronic subdural hematoma, subacute subdural hematoma, subdural drainage]]>
Ernestus R, Beldzinski P, Lanfermann H, Klug N: Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 104 patients. Surg Neurol 1997; 48: 220-5.

Tabaddor K, Shulman K: Definitive treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by twist-drill craniostomy and closed-system drainage. J Neurosurg 1977; 46: 220-6.

Voelker J, Sambasivan M: The role of craniotomy and trephination in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2000; 11: 535-40.

Markwalder T, Steinsiepe K, Rohner M, Reichenbach W, Markwalder H: The course of chronic subdural hematomas alter burr-hole craniostomy and closed-system drainage. J Neurosurg 1981; 55: 390-6.]]> Method: Between 1978 and 2003, 223 patients underwent surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. 41 patients presented with degenerative subaxial subluxation. According to the Nurick scale, 26 were grade 2, 14 were grade 3 and 1 was grade 4. Those with degenerative subluxation were older compared to those who liad only spondylotic myelopathy (63 vs. 13 years). Theformer also corresponded to higher grades of the Nurick scale. All patients underwent static and dynamic plain radiographs, and MRI. We found 29 subluxations of one level, 11 patients wíth affection of two levels and 1 with three levels. 33 patients liad unstable subluxations. The most commonly affected levels were C3-C4 and C4-05. In all the cases, an anterior approach with autogenous bone graft and locking plate was performed.
Results: After surgical treatment, 21 grade 2 patients improved one grade, while 5 improved two grades; 9 grade 3 patients improved one grade and 1 two grades; the grade 4 patient improved one grade.
Conclusion: Cervical degenerative subluxation is seen in older patients, usually associated with severe myelopathy and spondylotic changes. The cervical instability is more common in the C3-C4 and C4-05 segments. In oil the cases of our group there was a loss of cervical lordosis or kyphosis with ankylosis of the lower cervical spine. The anterior approach with autogenous bone graft and locking Mate, allowed spinal cord decompression and cervical fusion.]]>
Pellengahr C, Pfahler M, Kuhr et al: Influence of facet joint angles and asymmetric disc collapse on degenerative olisthesis of the cervical spine. Orthopedics 2000; 23: 697-701

Boulos AS, Lovely TJ: Degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis: Diagnosis and management in five cases. J Spinal Disord 1996; 9: 241-5.]]> Method: Fourformalin-fixed adults heads were examined using X 6 to X 40 magnification. The vessels were filled with colored silicon.
Results: The ambient cistem is located in both sides of the mesencephalon; it is in relation with the crural cistem in front, the cuadrigeminal cistem behind and the cerebellopontine cistem bellow.The diferent approaches to the ambient cistem are: 1) transchoroidal approach, 2) infraoccipital transtentorial approach and 3) supracerebeIIar transtentoriaI approach.
Conclusion: The transchoroidal, infraoccipital transtentorial and supracerebellar trans­tentorial are options when there are a lesion in the ambient cistern.]]>
Liliequist B. The subarachnoid cisterns.An anatomic and roentgenologic study. Acta Radiol (supp.) 185:1-108, 1959.

Liliequist B: The anatomy of the subarachnoid cisterns. Acta Radiol 1956; 46: 61-71.

Ikeda K, Shoin K, Mohri M, Kijima T, Someya S,

Yamashita J. Surgical indications and microsurgical anatomy of the transchoroidal fissure approach for lesions in and around the ambient cistern. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 1114-20.

Smith KA, Spetzler RF. Supratentorial-infraoccipital approach for posteromedial temporal lobe lesions. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 940-4.

Yonekawa Y, Imhof HG, Taub E, Curcic M, Kaku Y, Roth P et al. Supracerebellar transtentorial approach to posterior temporomedial structures. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 339-45.



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